Human-robot collaboration (HRC) describes a scenario in which humans and automated machines share the same space and work within it simultaneously. Driven by Industry 4.0, this model promises the interaction of highly-flexible work processes, maximum plant availability and productivity, and economic efficiency. But HRC will only be able to live up to this promise when appropriate application-specific safety technology is assured.
Human-robot interaction: a question of space and time
Industrial automation focused on interaction between humans and machines long before the initiation of Industry 4.0. Until now, two interaction scenarios – coexistence and cooperation – have dominated, representing about 90 percent of such situations. Space and time are the important interaction parameters here. Coexistence describes a work situation in which the human and the machine are in neighboring areas at the same time during the interaction. Cooperation, on the other hand, is an interaction during which the human and the machine share the same work area, but work within it at different times.
A third form of interaction is increasingly being focused on within the framework of Industry 4.0: collaboration. In this scenario, humans and robots share the same workspace at the same time. In such collaborative scenarios, the standard industrial robot with safe kinematics is no longer sufficiently safe, so collaborative robots must be used. In this case, the forces, speeds, and travel paths of the robot must be monitored – and limited, depending on the actual degree of risk. If necessary, the robot is stopped or switched off. The distance between the human and the robot thus becomes a decisive safety-relevant parameter.
Assessing risk with ‘coboters’
No two human-robot collaborations are the same – so an individual risk assessment of the HRC is necessary even if the robot used has been specially developed for this collaboration with humans. Commonly referred to as a ‘coboter,' it already has many features of an inherently safe design. However, the collaboration space must also meet fundamental requirements regarding minimum distances to neighboring accessible areas that present crushing or trapping risks. The standards basis for the functional safety of human-robot collaborations applications consists of general standards, such as IEC 61508, IEC 62061 and ISO 13849-1/-2. In addition, ISO 10218-1/-2 on the safety of industrial robots and, especially, ISO/TS 15066 on robots for collaborative operation, must be taken into account.
Developers and integrators of robot systems must not only carefully examine the functionalities and compliance with standards of the design-related protective measures undertaken by the robot’s producer, but also take into account any residual hazards and risks. It is therefore necessary to carry out a risk assessment on the robot system according to ISO 12100 in order to derive appropriate safety measures for risk reduction, e.g. safety light curtains or safety laser scanners.
Four types of collaborative operations
According to the technical specification ISO/TS 15066, there are four different types of collaborative operations:
- Safety-rated monitored stop – halts the robot for interaction with the human
- Hand guiding – ensures safe HRC because the robot is deliberately guided manually at an appropriately reduced speed.
- Power and force limiting – necessary safety is achieved by reducing the power, force, and speed of the robot by using limiting functions for safety-relevant control systems, or an inherently safe design of the robot with a biomechanical load limit at which no hazard or injuries are to be expected. This takes place regardless of whether there is any intentional or unintentional physical contact between the robot and a human.
- Speed and separation monitoring – based on monitoring of the speed and travel paths of the robot and adapted to the work speed of the operator in the protected collaboration space
The fourth collaboration is very much in the spirit of highly flexible work scenarios. Safety distances are permanently monitored and, when necessary, the robot is slowed down or stopped, or its travel path is changed. The robot system can automatically resume its movements, with the usual speeds and travel paths, when the distance between the operator and the machine increases again to greater than the permitted minimum distance. This restores the robot’s productivity without delay.
Functional safety for human-robot collaborations
Of the four different types of collaboration quoted in ISO/TS 15066, it is “speed and separation monitoring” that offers the greatest future potential in HRC applications. Therefore – whilst not neglecting the still-dominant interaction scenarios of coexistence and cooperation – it is clear that safety-oriented sensor and control technology faces new challenges in enabling unhindered human-robot collaboration.
